Context
– Web Based Sources
Improving Embodied Energy of Old buildings
1. The Carbon Trust -
Building a brighter future PDF- Principles of good design (BP)
Producing the
Specification: Materials in the construction industry (Stats), 2.02 Cost of
Environmentally sensitive building: Benefits of green building (BP & Pie
Chart on comparative construction cost), Key Benefits and risks of traditional
procurement, Key benefits and risks of appointing a Design and Build
Contractor, Key Benefits and Risks of the government’s Private Finance
Initiative (PFI), 3.06 Designing for daylight and Natural ventilation,
efficiency of partially loaded boilers (graph), 3.08 Learn the heating
performance of your building (graph).
2. BRE/Energy Saving
Trust Good Practice Guide 155: Energy Efficient Refurbishment of existing
housing.
http://www.feta.co.uk/downloads/GPG155.pdf
Package of energy
efficient measures to achieve best practice (Page 4 of 36, BP & Table)
Annual Running Costs and SAP Ratings (Page 5 of 36 Bar Graphs), Insulation
Values (Page 8 of 36, Insulation Values), Cavity Wall Insulation (Page 9),
Internal Wall Insulation of Solid walls (Page 10), External Wall Insulation
(Page 11), New external Walls (Page 12), pitched roofs and ventilated lofts
(Page 13), Flat Roofs (Page 14), Windows (Page 15), Doors (Page 16), Ground
Floors (Page 16-17), Thermal Bridging (Page 18), Examples of draughtstripping
(Page 20), Alternative Arrangements for draught lobbies (Page 21), Types of
Draughtstrips (Page 22-23), Passive Track Ventilation Systems & Whole-House
Mechanical Ventilation System with heat recovery, Space heating and hot water
(Page 26), CHeSS HR4 and HC4 for Gas systems & SEDBUK efficiency (Page 27)
3. Energy Saving Trust CE 184
-Improving Energy saving performance for ground floors, walls,
windows, doors, roofs, and draughtstripping.
4. Natural Building Technologies Ltd
http://www.natural-building.co.uk/pdfs/Chearsley_Case_Study.pdf
– Case Study Barn Conversion and rebuild. Performance and
Environmental Issues.
5. Natural Building Technologies Ltd – Energy efficiency in vernacular
building renovation
http://www.natural-building.co.uk/pdfs/article_energy_efficiency.pdf
-Sustaining heritage: insulation in old buildings.
6 Natural Building Technologies Ltd
http://www.natural-building.co.uk/pdfs/Oakley_Case_Study.pdf
– Case Study Internal wall insulation. Performance and Environmental
Issues.
7 Patricia
http://www.heacs.org.uk/documents/2006/pferguson06.pdf
-Sustainability, embodied energy saving heritage buildings, argues
against conversion/reuse.
8 Athena Institute,
http://www.athenasmi.ca/publications/docs/OECD_paper.pdf
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Environmental Impact Estimator (EIE) for
assessing projects that involve major renovations to existing buildings, used
to gauge the environmental gains of Sustainable Use of Building Stock (SUBS)
when a building requires major renovation or rehabilitation, in place of
continued use does not require significant construction to prolonged use.
Supported with case studies.
9. Appropriate Technology for Living Association (ALTA)
http://www.converge.org.nz/atla/new-11-98-p3.html
-Assessing environmental impact of a building through considering
how much energy it took to build it.
-Table; Embodied Energy for
10. The Guardian – David Adam
http://environment.guardian.co.uk/ethicalliving/story/0,,1998150,00.html
-Problems with estimating life cycle analysis and embodied energy.
11. Preservation
http://historicseattle.org/preservationseattle/preservationenv/defaultSEPT06.htm
-Problems with Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
Certification evaluation tool for buildings.
-Nexus between sustainability and preservation.
-Incorporating historic integrity into sustainability assessment
systems that will encompass both quantitative and qualitative measures.
-Case study, solutions.
12. International Existing Building Code
- Source for building safety products and services, and the
International Code.
13. The Greenhouse Trust –
http://www.greenhousetrust.co.uk/index.htm?env_info/_index_insulation.htm
- Case study: insulation using natural and low energy materials.
14. Recovery Insulation
http://www.recovery-insulation.co.uk/energy.html
-Basic Q & A, and facts on embodied energy of buildings.
15. Greenhouse – Australian
Guide to Environmentally Sustainable homes
http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/technical/fs31.htm
-Assessing embodied energy.
-Embodied energy of common materials.
-Guidelines for reducing embodied energy in buildings.
16. Heritage Lottery Fund
http://www.hlf.org.uk/future/factsandfigures.html
-Heritage facts and figures: 4 facts on Sustainable development –
resource use.
17. Inventory of Embodied
Energy
http://people.bath.ac.uk/cj219/
-Embodied energy and carbon associated with building materials.
18.
http://www.ehsni.gov.uk/historic_buildings_energy_efficiency_a_guide_to_partf.pdf
-Source of information for anyone considering works to improve the energy
efficiency of historic buildings.
-Principles of repair and alterations to historic buildings.
-Risks from Intervention in historic buildings.
19.Sustainability and the historic environment – May Cassar
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sustainableheritage/historic_environment.pdf
-Case study
-Conservation management planning.
20. BRE – Constructing the Future Issue 29 Summer 2006
http://www.bre.co.uk/pdf/ctf/CTF_29.pdf
-Transforming Victorian Buildings into Modern, energy efficient
homes.
-Victorian House of the Future Project launch, to avoid demolishing
millions of Victorian terraced homes, to meet 2050 energy saving targets.
-Case study, Victorian stable block on BRE property.
21. Victorian Government Submission to the productivity commission
inquiry into the conservation of historic places.
www.pc.gov.au/inquiry/heritage/subs/sub184.pdf
-Report that recognizes the environmental benefits of conservation
for embodied energy of existing buildings in
22. British Research Establishment (BRE), ‘Measurement of Residual
Embodied Energy in Heritage Housing’,
2003, quoted in ‘The Economic Value of the Historic Environment’ in Heritage
Counts, 2003.
http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/heritagecounts
23. Selwyn Tucker, Embodied Energy, CSIRO CMIT
Brochures-Technologies Embodied Energy.
http://www.cmit.csiro.au/brochures/tech/embodied
-Facts about embodied energy in buildings.
24. Taking into account the embodied energy in
existing building stock, it has been found
by Dr. Selwyn Tucker (cited above) and
http://ecodesign.arch.wustl.edu/546a/STRATEGIES/BUILDINGS/EMBODIED%20
ENERGY/Audubon.html ) that total energy use (embodied energy + operating
energy) is typically comparable only after 30
years. That is - it takes about 30 years
before energy savings will be realised by building new rather than renovating an older
commercial or other large building.
25. Memorandum by English Heritage
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmodpm/703/703we58.htm
-Opportunities for Housing Development: “Re-using historic buildings
is good for the natural as well as the historic environment. The historic
environment represents embodied energy in the form of timber, stone, bricks and
glass. Research by the Building Research Establishment has shown that a
"typical" Victorian house contains energy equivalent to 15,000 litres of petrol,
which is enough to drive a car five times round the Earth.”
26. The Civic Trust
www.civictrust.org.uk/policy%20and%20campaigns/positions/vat.shtml
-Reducing the rate of VAT on building work covering the repair,
maintenance and improvement of housing and historic buildings so that
maintenance and regeneration of our built environment can be taxed in a manner
closer to that of new-build.
-See also http://www.helm.org.uk/server/show/nav.7754
for similar.
27. Environmental Change Institute:
Reducing the environmental impact of housing: Embodied energy
http://www.rcep.org.uk/urban/report/eci-appe_embodied_energy.pdf
-detail
on the issues underlying the energy balance between refurbishment and housing
renewal, taking into account both embodied energy and energy over the lifetime
of the dwelling.
28. Dennis Rodwell - Balancing energy conservation and building
conservation
http://www.ihbc.org.uk/context_archive/77/balacing/rodwell.htm
-Changes to Part L of the Building Regulations 2000, focusing on
energy conservation, will have a significant impact on the historic
environment. Predicated by the
29. The Economic Dimension: State of the Historic Environment Report
http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/heritagecounts_old/pdfs/historicenvironment_02.pdf
-The historic environment as a cornerstone in sustainable
development.
30. Mumma, Tracy. Reducing the Embodied Energy of Buildings. Centre for
Resourceful Building Technology,
The Green Ration Book:
Carbon Dioxide from Construction
31. Source1:
http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/sei/ecofootprint/york%20technical%20report.PDF8
but their source is from
"Managing the Flow of Construction Minerals in the North West Region of
England: A Mass Balance Approach"
Darryn McEvoy,
Joe Ravetz, John Handley Journal of Industrial Ecology, Summer 2004, Vol. 8,
No. 3, Pages 121-140
(doi: 10.1162/1088198042442289) which is available to subscribers
See
http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/10881980424422898
32.
Source2: http://www.homeenergy.org/archive/hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/95/950109.html8
"Estimates by Ray Cole of the
"Another study, conducted by Andrew Buchanan and Brian Honey of the
University of Canterbury in New Zealand (which has a similar range of climates
to California) concluded that the energy required to manufacture a house is of
a similar order of magnitude to the energy required to heat the house over a
25-year life (see Table 2). That study drew upon research conducted at
33.
Source3:
http://www.boralgreen.shares.green.net.au/research3/chap7.htm8
Table 7.4 Altered carbon dioxide values, to include non-energy related sources
(all values are in kg of carbon dioxide produced).
For similar house to Buchanan and Honey (say 375 m2 = 3,750 ft2 see above) Joanna
Glover gives
Further mention needs to be made of the carbon dioxide values obtained for
concrete, both within each house and overall. While the majority of carbon
dioxide emissions from both the steel and wood components are incorporated in
the burning of fossil fuels to generate energy, the manufacturing stage of a
concrete LCA generates a significant quantity of carbon dioxide. This occurs in
the calcinating of limestone, producing calcium oxide and carbon dioxide,
during cement production (which usually comprises 12% of concrete, as mentioned
previously in Chapter 2). In the production of
|
House
Type |
Steel
House |
Concrete
House |
WoodHouse |
|
C02FromEnergy |
40613 |
30168 |
17144 |
|
OfWhichSteel |
9578 |
4908 |
1403 |
|
OfWhichCo2ForWood |
377 |
937 |
4890 |
|
OfWhichCo2ForConcrete |
6313 |
9858 |
2979 |
|
ExtraCo2CalcinatingConcrete |
2232 |
3348 |
992 |
|
AdjustedTotalCO2 |
42845 |
33516 |
18136 |